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Volume II /methodology
EstablishedApril 2023
Factors33 Weighted
ReviewIndustry-Veteran
Volume II· The Method

How the number is actually calculated.

On the math & its inputs
LEC draws from the same actuarial foundations the life insurance and life settlement industries have relied on for decades — then expands beyond them, integrating current public health data the industry hasn't historically used. The output is personal. The inputs are institutional.
Sources
VBT CDC SSA NVSR
Reviewed by Wm. Scott Page · 30+ Years in Life Expectancy Evaluation for the Life Settlement Industry

Source Key · For the Record

VBT
Valuation Basic Table — the mortality table underwriting the U.S. life insurance industry.
CDC
U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention — cause-specific mortality and public health data.
SSA
Social Security Administration — period and cohort life tables for the U.S. population.
NVSR
National Vital Statistics Reports — the CDC's published mortality and life expectancy record.
PA
PolicyAppraisal.com Proprietary LE Database — 25 years of individual life-settlement determinations from full-lifespan medical records.

A calculator built on the industry's math — and the science it leaves out.

Life expectancy has always been a statistical game. LEC plays it honestly — with the inputs the industry uses, plus the ones it doesn't.

Each of the five sources in the key above contributes a different piece of the answer. The VBT gives us the actuarial baseline — the mortality table that underwrites the U.S. life insurance industry. The SSA tells us how that baseline holds up against the broader American population. The CDC and NVSR bring in what the insurance industry doesn't weight carefully: cause-specific risk factors, emerging public-health data, and shifts in national mortality trends that predate actuarial table revisions by years. And PA — PolicyAppraisal.com's proprietary database — adds 25 years of individual life-settlement determinations, drawn from full-lifespan medical records of real adults insurers have already underwritten.

Translation: LEC doesn't just replicate the industry's method. It extends it.

The thirty-two factors behind the number.

Most longevity calculators weight ten or fifteen variables. The life settlement industry's medical underwriters typically work from twenty to twenty-five. LEC weights thirty-two — because the research keeps demonstrating that the variables the industry has historically ignored are often the ones that move the needle most.

The factors fall into five categories. Each is weighted against its predictive contribution to mortality outcomes in the most recent NVSR publication.

Demographic foundation. Age, sex assigned at birth, and race or ethnicity establish the baseline. These are the variables the VBT and SSA tables are built around, and they remain the single largest driver of any life expectancy estimate.

Medical history. Known diagnoses — cardiovascular disease, cancer history, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, respiratory conditions — along with family history of the same. Medical history is where life settlement underwriters spend most of their attention, and LEC weights it accordingly.

Behavioral inputs. Tobacco use, alcohol consumption patterns, recreational drug use, diet composition, sleep quality, exercise frequency and intensity, and body composition. The industry tracks tobacco and BMI; it rarely tracks the rest with any rigor. The CDC's data shows this is a mistake.

Environmental and geographic exposure. This is where LEC departs most significantly from standard practice. ZIP code is a factor — not because geography is destiny, but because the NVSR consistently shows life expectancy gaps of ten to twenty years between neighboring ZIP codes within the same American city. Air quality, access to primary care, local cancer screening rates, and regional mortality trends all correlate strongly enough with outcome data that excluding them produces a visibly less accurate estimate.

Psychosocial and access factors. Marital or partnership status, self-reported stress levels, and access to healthcare round out the model. The World Health Organization has treated these as mortality-relevant for decades. Most domestic calculators still don't.

Not a sum. A calibration.

A common misconception about longevity calculators is that they add up good and bad factors like a scorecard. LEC doesn't work that way.

The baseline estimate is drawn from the VBT and SSA tables — the mortality figures for someone of the user's age, sex, and demographic profile. From there, each of the thirty-two factors acts as a modifier, adjusting the baseline up or down according to its independently measured effect on mortality risk. A heavy smoker's baseline doesn't get a flat reduction; it gets adjusted against what CDC data shows about the mortality curves of smokers in that person's age cohort specifically.

Some factors compound. Others cancel. Several — tobacco use, serious medical history, geographic ZIP-code outliers — exert disproportionate pull. The result isn't a simple average. It's a calibrated estimate that reflects how these variables actually interact in the mortality data, not how a formula wishes they would.

Updated against the latest data — not the latest marketing cycle.

The CDC publishes new NVSR mortality data annually. The SSA updates its life tables on a similar cadence. The VBT is revised less frequently — the current 2015 table remains the industry standard — which means any calculator that relies on VBT alone is working from a mortality picture that is now a decade out of date.

LEC is recalibrated annually against the most recent NVSR and SSA releases, with interim adjustments when significant public-health data emerges. The next recalibration is scheduled for this year, incorporating the most recent NVSR publication and the latest CDC cause-specific mortality data.

The recalibration process is reviewed by Wm. Scott Page, whose thirty-plus years of life expectancy evaluation in the life settlement industry sit behind every version of this calculator's methodology.

An estimate — not a prediction.

No calculator can tell anyone the day they will die. What LEC produces is a statistical estimate built from the best available mortality data, weighted against thirty-two variables known to influence longevity outcomes. It's useful for financial planning, retirement modeling, insurance decisions, and honest self-reflection about the choices that shape the decades ahead.

It is not a medical diagnosis, a prognosis, or a substitute for professional healthcare advice. It is what the data says, rendered personal.

The Reviewer Volume II · Contributor Note

Wm. Scott Page.

One of the originators of the life settlement industry — and the reviewer of this methodology.

In 1989, after four years of active duty in the U.S. Air Force — where he helped develop medical protocols for infectious-disease treatment during the HIV/AIDS epidemic — Scott founded The Lifeline Program in Atlanta.

Built from a single, personal transaction on behalf of his partner Greg, who was dying of AIDS, the company became one of the first gay-owned and operated viatical settlement companies in the United States. Scott led it for nearly three decades as it grew into a multi-billion-dollar industry that allowed seriously ill patients to sell their life insurance policies for immediate cash.

As a founding board member of NAVSO, former president of the National Viatical Association, and longtime board member of LISA, Scott helped shape the anti-fraud standards and disclosure requirements that informed the NAIC Model Act — the regulatory foundation that still governs the life settlement industry today. He has testified before the SEC, FBI, DOI, and state legislatures, and has served as an expert witness in state and federal cases.

Today, as president of PolicyAppraisal.com and the reviewer of this methodology, Scott brings more than thirty years of hands-on experience in life expectancy evaluation — the exact discipline that sits beneath the calculator on this site.

He is the subject of Cashing Out (2025), a feature documentary about the industry's origins that qualified for consideration in the Best Short Documentary category at the 98th Academy Awards.

Founder
The Lifeline Program — 1989–2018
Now President
PolicyAppraisal.com
Board Service
NAVSO · National Viatical Association · LISA
Testimony
SEC · FBI · DOI · State Legislatures
Media
Fox Business · 20/20 · NBC · WSJ · The Economist
Author
It's Never Too Late (book)